Best Practice & Research Clinical Haematology
Volume 20, Issue 4 , Pages 637-664 , December 2007

Epidemiology of the plasma-cell disorders

  • Robert A. Kyle, MD (Professor of Medicine)

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author.

References 

  1. International Myeloma Working Group . Criteria for the classification of monoclonal gammopathies, multiple myeloma and related disorders: a report of the International Myeloma Working Group. British Journal of Haematology. 2003;121:749–757
  2. Axelsson U, Bachmann R, Hallen J. Frequency of pathological proteins (M-components) om 6,995 sera from an adult population. Acta Medica Scandinavica. 1966;179:235–247
  3. Kyle RA, Finkelstein S, Elveback LR, et al. Incidence of monoclonal proteins in a Minnesota community with a cluster of multiple myeloma. Blood. 1972;40:719–724
  4. Saleun JP, Vicariot M, Deroff P, et al. Monoclonal gammopathies in the adult population of Finistere, France. Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1982;35:63–68
  5. Singh J, Dudley AW, Kulig KA. Increased incidence of monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance in blacks and its age-related differences with whites on the basis of a study of 397 men and one woman in a hospital setting. The Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine. 1990;116:785–789
  6. Cohen HJ, Crawford J, Rao MK, et al. Racial differences in the prevalence of monoclonal gammopathy in a community-based sample of the elderly. American Journal of Medicine. 1998;104:439–444[Erratum in: Am J Med 1998;105: 362]
  7. Landgren O, Gridley G, Turesson I, et al. Risk of monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) and subsequent multiple myeloma among African American and white veterans in the United States. Blood. 2006 Feb 1;107:904–906
  8. Kyle RA, Therneau TM, Rajkumar SV, et al. Prevalence of monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance. The New England Journal of Medicine. 2006;354:1362–1369
  9. Kyle RA, Therneau TM, Rajkumar SV, et al. Long-term follow-up of 241 patients with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance: the original Mayo Clinic series 25 years later. Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 2004;79:859–866
  10. Kyle RA, Therneau TM, Rajkumar SV, et al. A long-term study of prognosis in monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance. The New England Journal of Medicine. 2002;346:564–569
  11. Surveillance, epidemiology, and end results (SEER) program public-use data (1973–1998). Bethesda (MD): National Cancer Institute, Cancer Statistics Branch; April 2001;
  12. Kyle RA, Linos A, Beard CM, et al. Incidence and natural history of primary systemic amyloidosis in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1950 through 1989. Blood. 1992;81:1817–1822
  13. Kyle RA, Gertz MA, Witzig TE, et al. Review of 1027 patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma. Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 2003;78:21–33
  14. Kyle RA, Rajkumar SV. Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance. British Journal of Haematology. 2006;134:573–589
  15. Rajkumar SV, Kyle RA, Therneau TM, et al. Serum free light chain ratio is an independent risk factor for progression in monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance. Blood. 2005 Aug 1;106:812–817
  16. Kyle RA, Greipp PR. Smoldering multiple myeloma. The New England Journal of Medicine. 1980;302:1347–1349
  17. Dimopoulos MA, Moulopoulos LA, Maniatis A, et al. Solitary plasmacytoma of bone and asymptomatic multiple myeloma. Blood. 2000;96:2037–2044
  18. Dimopoulos MA, Moulopoulos A, Smith T, et al. Risk of disease progression in asymptomatic multiple myeloma. American Journal of Medicine. 1993;94:57–61
  19. Cesana C, Klersy C, Barbarano L, et al. Prognostic factors for malignant transformation in monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance and smoldering multiple myeloma. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2002;20:1625–1634
  20. Weber DM, Dimopoulos MA, Moulopoulos LA, et al. Prognostic features of asymptomatic multiple myeloma. British Journal of Haematology. 1997;97:810–814
  21. Rosinol L, Blade J, Esteve J, et al. Smoldering multiple myeloma: natural history and recognition of an evolving type. British Journal of Haematology. 2003;123:631–636
  22. Witzig TE, Kyle RA, O'Fallon WM, et al. Detection of peripheral blood plasma cells as a predictor of disease course in patients with smouldering multiple myeloma. British Journal of Haematology. 1994;87:266–272
  23. Polednak AP. Trends in cancer incidence in Connecticut, 1935–1991. Cancer. 1994;74:2863–2872
  24. Zheng TZ, Mayne ST, Flannery J. The time trends of multiple myeloma in Connecticut, 1935–1987. International Journal of Cancer. 1992;50:163–164
  25. Devesa SS, Silverman DT, Young JL, et al. Cancer incidence and mortality trends among whites in the United States, 1947–84. Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 1987;79:701–770
  26. Kyle RA, Nobrega FT, Kurland LT. Multiple myeloma in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1945–1964. Blood. 1969;33:739–745
  27. Surveillance, epidemiology, and end results (SEER) program (SEER)*Stat database: incidence–SEER 9 Regs Public-Use. November 2002 sub (1973–2000). Bethesda (MD): National Cancer Institute, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, Surveillance Research Program, Cancer Statistics Branch; 2003;
  28. In:  Ries LAG,  Harkins D,  Krapcho M, et al. editor. SEER cancer statistics review, 1975–2003. Bethesda (MD): National Cancer Institute; 2006;Available at: http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2003/based on November 2005 SEER data submission, posted to the SEER Web site [accessed Nov 2005]
  29. Linos A, Kyle RA, O'Fallon WM, et al. Incidence and secular trend of multiple myeloma in Olmsted County, Minnesota: 1965–77. Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 1981;66:17–20
  30. Kyle RA, Beard CM, O'Fallon WM, et al. Incidence of multiple myeloma in Olmsted County, Minnesota: 1978 through 1990, with a review of the trend since 1945. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 1994;12:1577–1583
  31. Kyle RA, Therneau TM, Rajkumar SV, et al. Incidence of multiple myeloma in Olmsted County, Minnesota: trend over 6 decades. Cancer. 2004;101:2667–2674
  32. Clark DW, MacMahon B. The incidence of multiple myeloma. Journal of Chronic Diseases. 1956;4:508–515
  33. Modiano MR, Villar-Werstler P, Crowley J, et al. Evaluation of race as a prognostic factor in multiple myeloma: an ancillary of Southwest Oncology Group Study 8229. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 1996;14:974–977
  34. Wingo PA, Ries LA, Rosenberg HM, et al. Cancer incidence and mortality, 1973–1995: a report card for the U.S. Cancer. 1998;82:1197–1207
  35. Lanier AP, Kelly JJ, Maxwell J, et al. Cancer in Alaska Native people, 1969–2003. Alaska Medicine. 2006;48:30–59
  36. Hernandez JA, Land KJ, McKenna RW. Leukemias, myeloma, and other lymphoreticular neoplasms. Cancer. 1995;75(Suppl):381–394
  37. Riggs JE. Increasing multiple myeloma mortality rates in the elderly: demonstration of increasing dependency with increasing age upon age group population size. Mechanisms of Ageing and Development. 1995;81:131–138
  38. Hansen NE, Karle H, Olsen JH. Trends in the incidence of multiple myeloma in Denmark 1943–1982: a study of 5500 patients. European Journal of Haematology. 1989;42:72–76
  39. Turesson I, Zettervall O, Cuzick J, et al. Comparison of trends in the incidence of multiple myeloma in Malmö, Sweden, and other countries, 1950–1979. The New England Journal of Medicine. 1984;310:421–424
  40. Levi F, La Vecchia C. Trends in multiple myeloma. International Journal of Cancer. 1990;46:755–756
  41. Carli PM, Bailly F, Tavernier C, et al. Multiple myeloma: epidemiological features in a well-defined population in Burgundy, France. International Journal of Epidemiology. 1989;18:330–333
  42. Phekoo KJ, Schey SA, Richards MA, et al. Consultant Haematologists, South Thames Haematology Specialist Committee. A population study to define the incidence and survival of multiple myeloma in a National Health Service Region in UK. British Journal of Haematology. 2004;127:299–304
  43. National Office of Vital Statistics . Vital statistics of the United States, 1949. Part I. Natality, mortality, marriage, divorce, morbidity, and life table data for the United States: general tables by place of occurrence with supplemental tables for Hawaii, Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands, and Alaska. Washington (DC): United States Government Printing Office; 1951;
  44. National Center for Health Statistics . Vital statistics of the United States, 1974. Vol 2. Mortality (Part A). ([PHS]79–1101.) Hyattsville, (MD): U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service; 1978;
  45. National Center for Health Statistics . Vital statistics of the United States, 1988. Vol 2. Mortality (Part A). Hyattsville (MD): U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control; 1991;
  46. Stober J, Asal NR. Multiple myeloma in Oklahoma: racial, age, sex, geographic and time variations. Southern Medical Journal. 1976;69:298–302
  47. Greenwald P. Cancer incidence and mortality in New York State (exclusive of New York City). Albany (NY): New York State Department of Health, Bureau of Cancer Control; 1976;
  48. Miller B, Ries LA, Hankey BF, et al. Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) cancer statistics review: program public-use data CD Rom (1973–1990). Bethesda (MD): National Cancer Institute; 1993;NIH Publication No. 93–2789
  49. Davis DL, Hoel D, Fox J, et al. International trends in cancer mortality in France, West Germany, Italy, Japan, England and Wales, and the USA. Lancet. 1990;336:474–481
  50. Davis DL, Hoel D, Fox J, et al. International trends in cancer mortality in France, West Germany, Italy, Japan, England and Wales, and the United States. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1990;609:5–48
  51. Schwartz J. Multinational trends in multiple myeloma. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1990;609:215–224
  52. Cuzick J. International time trends for multiple myeloma. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1990;609:205–214
  53. Ichimaru M, Ishimaru T, Mikami M, et al. Multiple myeloma among atomic bomb survivors in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, 1950–76: relationship to radiation dose absorbed by marrow. Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 1982;69:323–328
  54. Shimizu Y, Schull WJ, Kato H. Cancer risk among atomic bomb survivors. The RERF Life Span Study. Radiation Effects Research Foundation. The Journal of the American Medical Association. 1990;264:601–604
  55. Preston DL, Kusumi S, Tomonaga M, et al. Cancer incidence in atomic bomb survivors. Part III. Leukemia, lymphoma and multiple myeloma, 1950–1987. Radiation Research. 1994;137(Suppl):S68–S97[Erratum in: Radiat Res 1994;139: 129]
  56. Neriishi K, Yoshimoto Y, Carter RL, et al. Monoclonal gammopathy in atomic bomb survivors. Radiation Research. 1993;133:351–359
  57. Tsukasaki K, Iwanaga M, Tomonaga M. Late hematological effects in the atomic bomb survivors. International Congress Series. 2007;1299:67–72
  58. Cuzick J. Radiation-induced myelomatosis. The New England Journal of Medicine. 1981;304:204–210
  59. Lewis EB. Leukemia, multiple myeloma, and aplastic anemia in American radiologists. Science. 1963;142:1492–1494
  60. Matanoski GM, Seltser R, Sartwell PE, et al. The current mortality rates of radiologists and other physician specialists: specific causes of death. American Journal of Epidemiology. 1975;101:199–210
  61. Sigurdson AJ, Doody MM, Rao RS, et al. Cancer incidence in the US radiologic technologists health study, 1983–1998. Cancer. 2003;97:3080–3089
  62. Boice JD, Morin MM, Glass AG, et al. Diagnostic x-ray procedures and risk of leukemia, lymphoma, and multiple myeloma. The Journal of the American Medical Association. 1991;265:1290–1294[Erratum in: JAMA 1991;265: 2810]
  63. Hatcher JL, Baris D, Olshan AF, et al. Diagnostic radiation and the risk of multiple myeloma (United States). Cancer Causes & Control. 2001;12:755–761
  64. Schroeder JC, Savitz DA. Lymphoma and multiple myeloma mortality in relation to magnetic field exposure among electric utility workers. American Journal of Industrial Medicine. 1997;32:392–402
  65. Darby SC, Kendall GM, Fell TP, et al. A summary of mortality and incidence of cancer in men from the United Kingdom who participated in the United Kingdom's atmospheric nuclear weapon tests and experimental programmes. British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1988;296:332–338
  66. Muirhead CR, Bingham D, Haylock RG, et al. Follow up of mortality and incidence of cancer 1952–98 in men from the UK who participated in the UK's atmospheric nuclear weapon tests and experimental programmes. Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 2003;60:165–172
  67. Gilbert ES, Petersen GR, Buchanan JA. Mortality or workers at the Hanford site: 1945–1981. Health Physics. 1989;56:11–25
  68. Wing S, Richardson D, Wolf S, et al. A case control study of multiple myeloma at four nuclear facilities. Annals of Epidemiology. 2000;10:144–153
  69. Lopez-Abente G, Aragones N, Pollan M, et al. Leukemia, lymphomas, and myeloma mortality in the vicinity of nuclear power plants and nuclear fuel facilities in Spain. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention. 1999;8:925–934
  70. Carpenter LM, Higgins CD, Douglas AJ, et al. Cancer mortality in relation to monitoring for radionuclide exposure in three UK nuclear industry workforces. British Journal of Cancer. 1998;78:1224–1232
  71. Smith PG, Douglas AJ. Mortality of workers at the Sellafield plant of British Nuclear Fuels. British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1986;293:845–854
  72. Omar RZ, Barber JA, Smith PG. Cancer mortality and morbidity among plutonium workers at the Sellafield plant of British Nuclear Fuels. British Journal of Cancer. 1999;79:1288–1301[Erratum in: Br J Cancer 1999;79: 1946]
  73. Forman D, Cook-Mazaffari P, Darby S, et al. Cancer near nuclear installations. Nature. 1987;329:499–505
  74. Khuder SA, Mutgi AB. Meta-analyses of multiple myeloma and farming. American Journal of Industrial Medicine. 1997;32:510–516
  75. Milham S. Leukemia and multiple myeloma in farmers. American Journal of Epidemiology. 1971;94:507–510
  76. Burmesiter LF. Cancer mortality in Iowa farmers, 1971–78. Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 1981;66:461–464
  77. Brown LM, Brumeister LF, Everett GD, et al. Pesticide exposures and multiple myeloma in Iowa men. Cancer Causes & Control. 1993;4:153–156
  78. Cantor KP, Silberman W. Mortality among aerial pesticide applicators and flight instructors: follow-up from 1965–1988. American Journal of Industrial Medicine. 1999;36:239–247
  79. Baris D, Silverman DT, Brown LM, et al. Occupation, pesticide exposure and risk of multiple myeloma. Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment & Health. 2004;30:215–222
  80. Semenciw RM, Morrison HI, Riedel D, et al. Multiple myeloma mortality and agricultural practices in the Prairie provinces of Canada. Journal of Occupational Medicine. 1993;35:557–561
  81. Wiklund K, Holm LE. Trends in cancer risks among Swedish agricultural workers. Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 1986;77:657–664
  82. Eriksson M, Karlsson M. Occupational and other environmental factors and multiple myeloma: a population based case–control study. British Journal of Industrial Medicine. 1992;49:95–103
  83. Heineman EF, Olsen JH, Pottern LM, et al. Occupational risk factors for multiple myeloma among Danish men. Cancer Causes & Control. 1992;3:555–568
  84. Pottern LM, Heineman EF, Olsen JH, et al. Multiple myeloma among Danish women: employment history and workplace exposures. Cancer Causes & Control. 1992;3:427–432
  85. Kristensen P, Andersen A, Irgens LM, et al. Incidence and risk factors of cancer among men and women in Norwegian agriculture. Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment & Health. 1996;22:14–26
  86. Nanni O, Falcini F, Buiatti E, et al. Multiple myeloma and work in agriculture: results of a case–control study in Forli, Italy. Cancer Causes & Control. 1998;9:277–283
  87. Viel JF, Richardson ST. Lymphoma, multiple myeloma and leukaemia among French farmers in relation to pesticide exposure. Social Science & Medicine. 1993;37:771–777
  88. Pearce NE, Smith AH, Fisher DO. Malignant lymphoma and multiple myeloma linked with agricultural occupations in a New Zealand Cancer Registry-based study. American Journal of Epidemiology. 1985;121:225–237
  89. Guidotti S, Wright WE, Peters JM. Multiple myeloma in cosmetologists. American Journal of Industrial Medicine. 1982;3:169–171
  90. Spinelli JJ, Gallagher RP, Band PR, et al. Multiple myeloma, leukemia, and cancer of the ovary in cosmetologists and hairdressers. American Journal of Industrial Medicine. 1984;6:97–102
  91. Brown LM, Everett GD, Burmeister LF, et al. Hair dye use and multiple myeloma in white men. American Journal of Public Health. 1992;82:1673–1674
  92. Zahm SH, Weisenburger DD, Babbitt PA, et al. Use of hair coloring products and the risk of lymphoma, multiple myeloma, and chronic lymphocytic leukemia. American Journal of Public Health. 1992;82:990–997
  93. Herrinton LJ, Weiss NS, Koepsell TD, et al. Exposure to hair-coloring products and the risk of multiple myeloma. American Journal of Public Health. 1994;84:1142–1144
  94. Altekruse SF, Henley SJ, Thun MJ. Deaths from hematopoietic and other cancers in relation to permanent hair dye use in a large prospective study (United States). Cancer Causes & Control. 1999;10:617–625
  95. La Vecchia C, Tavani A. Epidemiological evidence on hair dyes and the risk of cancer in humans. European Journal of Cancer Prevention. 1995;4:31–43
  96. Aksoy M, Erdem S, Dincol G, et al. Clinical observations showing the role of some factors in the etiology of multiple myeloma: a study in 7 patients. Acta Haematologica. 1984;71:116–120
  97. Aksoy M, Dincol K, Erdem S, et al. Details of blood changes in 32 patients with pancytopenia associated with long-term exposure to benzene. British Journal of Industrial Medicine. 1972;29:56–64
  98. Goldstein BD. Is exposure to benzene a cause of human multiple myeloma?. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1990;609:225–230
  99. Wong O. Risk of acute myeloid leukaemia and multiple myeloma in workers exposed to benzene. Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 1995;52:380–384
  100. Wong O, Raabe GK. Multiple myeloma and benzene exposure in a multinational cohort of more than 250,000 petroleum workers. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology. 1997;26:188–199
  101. Sonoda T, Nagata Y, Mori M, et al. Meta-analysis of multiple myeloma and benzene exposure. Journal of Epidemiology. 2001;11:249–254
  102. Bergsagel DE, Wong O, Bergsagel PL, et al. Benzene and multiple myeloma: appraisal of the scientific evidence. Blood. 1999;94:1174–1182
  103. Divine BJ, Hartman CM, Wendt JK. Update of the Texaco mortality study 1947–93: Part II. Analyses of specific causes of death for white men employed in refining, research, and petrochemicals. Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 1999;56:174–180
  104. Infante PF. Benzene exposure and multiple myeloma: a detailed meta-analysis of benzene cohort studies. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2006;1076:90–109
  105. Flodin U, Fredriksson M, Persson B. Multiple myeloma and engine exhausts, fresh wood, and creosote: a case-referent study. American Journal of Industrial Medicine. 1987;12:519–529
  106. Bezabeh S, Engel A, Morris CB, et al. Does benzene cause multiple myeloma? An analysis of the published case–control literature. Environmental Health Perspectives. 1996;104(Suppl. 6):1393–1398
  107. Lee WJ, Baris D, Jarvholm B, et al. Multiple myeloma and diesel and other occupational exposures in Swedish construction workers. International Journal of Cancer. 2003;107:134–138
  108. Wong O. Is there a causal relationship between exposure to diesel exhaust and multiple myeloma?. Toxicological Reviews. 2003;22:91–102
  109. Tollerud DJ, Brinton LA, Stone BJ, et al. Mortality from multiple myeloma among North Carolina furniture workers. Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 1985;74:799–801
  110. Demers PA, Boffetta P, Kogevinas M, et al. Pooled reanalysis of cancer mortality among five cohorts of workers in wood-related industries. Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment & Health. 1995;21:179–190
  111. Kolstad HA, Lynge E, Olsen J. Cancer incidence in the Danish reinforced plastics industry. IARC Scientific Publications. 1993;127:301–308
  112. Lundberg I, Milatou-Smith R. Mortality and cancer incidence among Swedish pain industry workers with long-term exposure to organic solvents. Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment & Health. 1998;24:270–275
  113. Demers PA, Vaughan TL, Koepsell TD, et al. A case–control study of multiple myeloma and occupation. American Journal of Industrial Medicine. 1993;23:629–639
  114. Heineman EF, Zahm SH, McLaughlin JK, et al. A prospective study of tobacco use and multiple myeloma: evidence against an association. Cancer Causes & Control. 1992;3:31–36
  115. Brown LM, Everett GD, Gibson R, et al. Smoking and risk of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and multiple myeloma. Cancer Causes & Control. 1992;3:49–55
  116. Adami J, Nyren O, Bergstrom R, et al. Smoking and the risk of leukemia, lymphoma, and multiple myeloma (Sweden). Cancer Causes & Control. 1998;9:49–56
  117. Brown LM, Pottern LM, Silverman DT, et al. Multiple myeloma among blacks and whites in the United States: role of cigarettes and alcoholic beverages. Cancer Causes & Control. 1997;8:610–614
  118. Linet MS, McLaughlin JK, Hsing AW, et al. Is cigarette smoking a risk factor for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma or multiple myeloma? Results from the Lutheran Brotherhood Cohort Study. Leukemia Research. 1992;16:621–624
  119. Mills PK, Newell GR, Beeson WL, et al. History of cigarette smoking and risk of leukemia and myeloma: results from the Adventist health study. Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 1990;82:1832–1836
  120. Friedman GD, Herrinton LJ. Obesity and multiple myeloma. Cancer Causes & Control. 1994;5:479–483
  121. Brown LM, Gridley G, Pottern LM, et al. Diet and nutrition as risk factors for multiple myeloma among blacks and whites in the United States. Cancer Causes & Control. 2001;12:117–125
  122. Blair CK, Cerhan JR, Folsom AR, et al. Anthropometric characteristics and risk of multiple myeloma. Epidemiology. 2005;16:691–694
  123. Fritschi L, Ambrosini GL, Kliewer EV, et al. Canadian Cancer Registries Epidemiologic Research Group Dietary fish intake and risk of leukaemia, multiple myeloma, and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention. 2004;13:532–537
  124. Brown LM, Gibson R, Burmeister LF, et al. Alcohol consumption and risk of leukemia, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, and multiple myeloma. Leukemia Research. 1992;16:979–984
  125. Kagan E, Jacobson RJ, Yeung KY, et al. Asbestos-associated neoplasms of B cell lineage. American Journal of Medicine. 1979;67:325–330
  126. Schwartz DA, Vaughan TL, Heyer NJ, et al. B cell neoplasms and occupational asbestos exposure. American Journal of Industrial Medicine. 1988;14:661–671
  127. Hussein MA, George R, Rybicki L, et al. Skeletal trauma preceding the development of plasma cell dyscrasia: eight case reports and review of the literature. Medical Oncology. 2003;20:349–354
  128. Mongkonsritragoon W, Kyle RA, Shreck RR, et al. Primary plasmacytoma at the site of exit wounds after electrical injury. American Journal of Hematology. 1998;58:77–79
  129. Riggs JE. Increasing multiple myeloma mortality among the elderly: a manifestation of aging and differential survival. Mechanisms of Ageing and Development. 1995;77:227–234
  130. Johnston JM, Grufferman S, Bourguet CC, et al. Socioeconomic status and risk of multiple myeloma. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 1985;39:175–178
  131. Cella DF, Orav EJ, Kornblith AB, et al. Socioeconomic status and cancer survival. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 1991;9:1500–1509
  132. Baris D, Brown LM, Silverman DT, et al. Socioeconomic status and multiple myeloma among US blacks and whites. American Journal of Public Health. 2000;90:1277–1281
  133. Lenhard RE, Enterline JP, Crowley J, et al. The effects of distance from primary treatment centers on survival among patients with multiple myeloma. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 1987;5:1640–1645
  134. Cohen HJ, Bernstein RJ, Grufferman S. Role of immune stimulation in the etiology of multiple myeloma: a case control study. American Journal of Hematology. 1987;24:119–126
  135. Linet MS, Harlow SD, McLaughlin JK. A case–control study of multiple myeloma in whites: chronic antigenic stimulation, occupation, and drug use. Cancer Research. 1987;47:2978–2981
  136. Herrinton LJ, Demers PA, Koepsell TD, et al. Epidemiology of the M-component immunoglobulin types of multiple myeloma. Cancer Causes & Control. 1993;4:83–92
  137. Soderberg KC, Hagmar L, Schwartzbaum J, et al. Allergic conditions and risk of hematological malignancies in adults: a cohort study. BMC Public Health. 2004;4:51
  138. Koepsell TD, Daling JR, Weiss NS, et al. Antigenic stimulation and the occurrence of multiple myeloma. American Journal of Epidemiology. 1987;126:1051–1062
  139. Lewis DR, Pottern LM, Brown LM, et al. Multiple myeloma among blacks and whites in the United States: the role of chronic antigenic stimulation. Cancer Causes & Control. 1994;5:529–539
  140. Kyle RA, Herber L, Evatt BL, et al. Multiple myeloma: a community cluster. The Journal of the American Medical Association. 1970;213:1339–1341
  141. Ende M. Multiple myeloma: a cluster in Virginia?. Virginia Medical. 1979;106:115–116
  142. Kyle RA, Greipp PR. Multiple myeloma: houses and spouses. Cancer. 1983;51:735–739
  143. Maldonado JE, Kyle RA. Familial myeloma: report of eight families and a study of serum proteins in their relatives. American Journal of Medicine. 1974;57:875–884
  144. Bizzaro N, Pasini P. Familial occurrence of multiple myeloma and monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance in 5 siblings. Haematologica. 1990;75:58–63
  145. Shoenfeld Y, Berliner S, Shaklai M, et al. Familial multiple myeloma: a review of thirty-seven families. Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1982;48:12–16
  146. Grosbois B, Jego P, Attal M, et al. Familial multiple myeloma: report of fifteen families. British Journal of Haematology. 1999;105:758–770
  147. Lynch HT, Sanger WG, Pirruccello S, et al. Familial multiple myeloma: a family study and review of the literature. Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 2001;93:1479–1483
  148. Lynch HT, Watson P, Tarantolo S, et al. Phenotypic heterogeneity in multiple myeloma famillies. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2005;23:685–693
  149. Deshpande HA, Hu XP, Marino P, et al. Anticipation in familial plasma cell dyscrasias. British Journal of Haematology. 1998;103:696–703
  150. Brown LM, Linet MS, Greenberg RS, et al. Multiple myeloma and family history of cancer among blacks and whites in the U.S. Cancer. 1999;85:2385–2390
  151. Segel GB, Lichtman MA. Familial (inherited) leukemia, lymphoma, and myeloma: an overview. Blood Cells Molecules and Diseases. 2004;32:246–261
  152. Snowden JA, Greaves M. IgA lambda myeloma presenting concurrently in identical twins with subsequent transformation to ‘aggressive phase’ in one. Clinical and Laboratory Haematology. 1995;17:95–96

PII: S1521-6926(07)00062-X

doi: 10.1016/j.beha.2007.08.001

Best Practice & Research Clinical Haematology
Volume 20, Issue 4 , Pages 637-664 , December 2007

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution