Best Practice & Research Clinical Haematology
Volume 19, Issue 4 , Pages 781-793 , December 2006

Monoclonal antibody combinations in CLL: evolving strategies

References 

  1. Zent CS, Kyasa MJ, Evans R, et al. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia incidence is substantially higher than estimated from tumor registry data. Cancer. 2001;92:1325–1330
  2. Jemal A, Murray T, Samuels A, et al. Cancer statistics. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians. 2003;53:5–26
  3. Damle RN, Wasil T, Fais F, et al. IgV gene mutation status and CD38 expression as novel prognostic indicators in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood. 1999;94:1840–1847
  4. Hamblin TJ, Davis Z, Gardiner A, et al. Unmutated immunoglobulin VH genes are associated with a more aggressive form of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood. 1999;94:1848–1854
  5. Döhner H, Stilgenbauer S, Benner A, et al. Genomic aberrations and survival in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. The New England Journal of Medicine. 2000;343:1910–1918
  6. Crespo M, Bosch F, Villamor N, et al. ZAP-70 expression as a surrogate for immunoglobulin-variable-region mutations in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. The New England Journal of Medicine. 2003;348:1764–1775
  7. Chiorazzi N, Rai KR, Ferrarini M. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia. The New England Journal of Medicine. 2005;352:804–814
  8. Lin T, Grever MR, Byrd JC. Changing the way we think about chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2005;23:4009–4012
  9. Mavromatis B, Cheson BD. Monoclonal antibody therapy of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2003;21:1874–1881
  10. Hainsworth JD, Litchy S, Barton JH, et al. Single-agent rituximab as first-line and maintenance treatment for patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia or small lymphocytic lymphoma: a phase II trial of the Minnie Pearl Cancer Research Network. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2003;21:1746–1751
  11. Byrd JC, Murphy T, Howard RS, et al. Rituximab using a thrice weekly dosing schedule in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia and small lymphocytic lymphoma demonstrates clinical activity and acceptable toxicity. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2001;19:2153–2164
  12. O'Brien SM, Kantarjian H, Thomas DA, et al. Rituximab dose-escalation trial in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2001;19:2165–2170
  13. Keating MJ, Flinn I, Jain V, et al. Therapeutic role of alemtuzumab (Campath-1H) in patients who have failed fludarabine: results of a large international study. Blood. 2002;99:3554–3561
  14. Lundin J, Kimby E, Björkholm M, et al. Phase II trial of subcutaneous anti-CD52 monoclonal antibody alemtuzumab (Campath-1H) as first-line treatment for patients with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL). Blood. 2002;100:768–773
  15. Rai KR, Peterson BL, Appelbaum FR, et al. Fludarabine compared with chlorambucil as primary therapy for chronic lymphocytic leukemia. The New England Journal of Medicine. 2000;343:1750–1757
  16. Keating MJ, O'Brien S, Lerner S, et al. Long term follow-up of patients with CLL receiving fludarabine regimens as initial therapy. Blood. 1998;92:65–71
  17. Eichhorst BF, Busch R, Hopfinger G, et al. Fludarabine plus cyclophosphamide (FC) induces higher remission rates and longer progression free survival (PFS) than fludarabine (F) alone in first line therapy of advanced chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL): results of a phase III study (CLL4 protocol) of the German CLL Study Group (GCLLSG). Blood. 2003;102:72a
  18. Flinn IW, Kumm E, Grever MR, et al. Fludarabine and cyclophosphamide produces higher complete response rate and more durable remissions than fludarabine in patients with previously untreated CLL: Intergroup Trial E2997. Blood. 2004;104:139a
  19. McLaughlin P, Grillo-Lopez A, Link BK, et al. Rituximab chimeric anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody therapy for relapsed indolent lymphoma. Half of patients respond to a four-dose program. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 1998;16:2825–2833
  20. Yamauchi T, Nowak BJ, Keating MJ, et al. DNA repair initiated in chronic lymphocytic leukemia lymphocytes by 4-hydroperoxycyclophosphamide is inhibited by fludarabine and clofarabine. Clinical Cancer Research. 2001;7:3580–3589
  21. Keating MJ, O'Brien S, Albitar M, et al. Early results of a chemoimmunotherapy regimen of fludarabine, cyclophosphamide, and rituximab as initial therapy for chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2005;23:4079–4088
  22. Byrd JC, Peterson BL, Morrison VA, et al. Randomized phase 2 study of fludarabine with concurrent versus sequential treatment with rituximab in symptomatic, untreated patients with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia: results from Cancer and Leukemia Group B 9712 (CALGB 9712). Blood. 2003;101:6–14
  23. Kay NE, Geyer SM, Lin T, et al. Combination chemotherapy with pentostatin, cyclophosphamide and rituximab induces high rate of remissions including complete responses and achievement of minimal residual disease in previously untreated B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood. 2004;104:100a
  24. Byrd JC, Rai K, Peterson BL, et al. Addition of rituximab to fludarabine may prolong progression-free survival and overall survival in patients with previously untreated chronic lymphocytic leukemia: an updated retrospective comparative analysis of CALCB 9712 and CALGB 9011. Blood. 2005;105:49–53
  25. Bosch F, Ferrer A, López-Guillermo A, et al. Fludarabine, cyclophosphamide and mitoxantrone in the treatment of resistant or relapsed chronic lymphocytic leukemia. British Journal of Haematology. 2002;119:976–984
  26. Forstpointner R, Dreyling M, Repp R, et al. The addition of rituximab to a combination of fludarabine, cyclophosphamide, mitoxantrone (FCM) significantly increases the response rate and prolongs survival as compared with FCM alone in patients with relapsed and refractory follicular and mantle cell lymphomas: results of a prospective randomized study of the German Low-Grade Lymphoma Study Group. Blood. 2004;104:3064–3071
  27. Wierda W, O'Brien S, Wen S, et al. Chemoimmunotherapy with fludarabine, cyclophosphamide, and rituximab for relapsed and refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2005;23:4070–4078
  28. Schulz H, Klein SK, Rehwald U, et al. Phase 2 study of a combined immunochemotherapy using rituximab and fludarabine in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood. 2002;100:3115–3120
  29. Lamanna N, Kalaycio M, Maslak P, et al. Pentostatin and cyclophosphamide with or without rituximab has significant activity in patients with previously treated chronic lymphocytic leukemia and other low grade lymphoid neoplasms. Blood. 2004;104:950a
  30. Kennedy B, Rawstron A, Carter C, et al. Campath-1H and fludarabine in combination are highly active in refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood. 2002;99:2245–2247
  31. Elter T, Bochmann P, Schulz H, et al. FluCam – a new, 4-weekly combination of fludarabine and alemtuzumab for patients with relapsed chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood. 2004;104:690a
  32. Moreton P, Kennedy B, Lucas G, et al. Eradication of minimal residual disease in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia after alemtuzumab therapy is associated with prolonged survival. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2005;23:2971–2979
  33. Wierda W, Faderl S, O'Brien S, et al. Combined cyclophosphamide, fludarabine, alemtuzumab, and rituximab (CFAR) is active for relapsed and refractory patients with CLL. Blood. 2004;104:101a
  34. Nabhan C, Rosen ST. Conceptual aspects of combining rituximab and campath-1H in the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Seminars in Oncology. 2002;29(supplement 2):75–80
  35. Faderl S, Thomas DA, O'Brien S, et al. Experience with alemtuzumab plus rituximab in patients with relapsed and refractory lymphoid malignancies. Blood. 2003;101:3413–3415
  36. Nabhan C, Patton D, Gordon LI, et al. A pilot trial of rituximab and alemtuzumab combination therapy in patients with relapsed and/or refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Leukemia and Lymphoma. 2004;45:2269–2273
  37. Faderl S, Ferrajoli A, Wierda W, et al. Continuous infusion/subcutaneous alemtuzumab (Campath-1H) plus rituximab is active for patients with relapsed/refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood. 2005;106:831a

PII: S1521-6926(06)00042-9

doi: 10.1016/j.beha.2006.06.005

Best Practice & Research Clinical Haematology
Volume 19, Issue 4 , Pages 781-793 , December 2006